Executive Branch:

• Head of State and Government: In a presidential system, these roles may be separate, while in a parliamentary system, the head of state is often a ceremonial figure, and the head of government is the leader of the majority party in the legislature.
• Cabinet: Composed of ministers or secretaries who advise the head of government and are responsible for specific policy areas.

Legislative Branch:

• Parliament or Congress: A bicameral or unicameral body responsible for making laws. Members are elected by the public.
• Senate and House of Representatives: In bicameral systems, these are the two chambers of the legislature.

Judicial Branch:

• Judiciary: Comprising courts and judges responsible for interpreting laws, ensuring their constitutionality, and resolving legal disputes.
• Supreme Court: The highest court in the legal hierarchy, often tasked with hearing appeals on constitutional matters.

Elections and Electoral Systems:

• Election Commission: An independent body responsible for organizing and overseeing elections, ensuring fairness and transparency.
• Political Parties: Organizations that represent different political ideologies and compete for elected positions.

Rule of Law:

• Legal System: Including lawyers, judges, and law enforcement agencies responsible for upholding and enforcing laws impartially.
• Constitution: A fundamental document outlining the structure of government, the rights of citizens, and the limitations on governmental power.

Civil Society:

• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Independent groups advocating for specific causes and providing checks and balances on the government.
• Media: A free and independent press that informs the public, scrutinizes government actions, and facilitates public discourse.

Local Government:

• Municipalities or Local Councils: Bodies responsible for governing specific geographic areas, providing local services, and addressing community needs.

Independent Institutions:

• Central Bank: An institution responsible for monetary policy, currency issuance, and economic stability.
• Ombudsman: An independent office tasked with investigating and addressing complaints against public authorities.

Human Rights Institutions:

• National Human Rights Commission: An independent body focused on promoting and protecting human rights within a country.

Constitutional Bodies:

• Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG): An independent authority responsible for auditing government expenditures to ensure financial accountability.

Checks and Balances:

• Separation of Powers: The division of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration of power in one entity.
• Veto Power: The ability of one branch to reject decisions or proposals made by another.

Public Services:

• Civil Service: A professional, non-political bureaucracy responsible for implementing government policies and delivering public services.

These democratic institutions collectively contribute to th